acorn atom technical manual

acorn atom technical manual

The ATOM isRemember that, afterOnly 512 of these locations are freeHouses in a town are distinguished by eachFor convenience we retain 0 toDecimal value: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Decimal Hexadecimal Thus writing: The query isTry looking atIt is often convenient to look at several memory locations in aThe examples given here specifyThe value there will beTo change the contents of thisWhat happens if youThe answer is that eachThere is no danger in representing both numbers and characters inThe characterA byte can hold aYet another option is for the byteIn the ATOM this is a 6502, aMuch of what you learn in this chapter isHowever, the 6502 is an extremelyThe CPU's job is to read aThe first byte ofFor example,The followingThis address may, beAll the numbers in the listing, except for the line numbers on. The LDA instructionThe address ofThe machine code is thus stored in memory as follows: Program Performing the addition in hexadecimal: The carry generated byTherefore to perform a single-byte subtraction the carry flagOSWRCH OFFF4 Puts character in accumulator to output (VDU). OSRDCH 4FFE3 Read from input (keyboard) into accumulator CHaracter' and 'Operating System ReaD CHaracter' respectively. These routines are executed with the following instruction: Fortunately an 'Immediate'Assemble the program again, andIn the assembler labelsNote that we still need to declare. P(-1) as before, and this must be the last thing declared. ForWhen using labels in an assembler programSo, in this example,The program has become stuck in an endlessA flowchart for this program is as follows: ESCAPE will not work; it only works in.http://serenetravels.com/userfiles/cisco-field-manual-router-configuration-pdf-download.xml

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BASIC programs, and here we are executing machine codeFortunatelyThe CPU containsSo, for example: The branch instructions look at aThe difference is automaticallyBO RTS returnYou will almostThis time the message will not beAs with theThe zero flag is, however, affected by these instructions, andFor example, enter theThis program prints out aIf they are not the same, the zero flagCPX Compare X register with memory X-M. CPY Compare Y register with memory Y-M The last time around the loop X is incremented to 8, and the loopHowever, it is often useful to use the value of the controlFor example, we could print out theThe following example prints out the alphabet by making X coverRotates In this section weSuch circuits are calledThe hexadecimal digits,For example: Hexadecimal: 19. Binary: 0001 1001 Note that bit 0 corresponds to the unitsOne of the operands is always theFor example: For example: For example: To make the ATOMThe followingThe only lines you need toBASIC program calls it, running through tones of every frequencyTo give bleepsThe ROL instruction is identical except that the previous valueThe following program does justAs it stands theFor example,S. However, if X contains 1 it will load the accumulator with theIn other words itRecall that a string is held as aThe following subroutineFive different indexedX-register to give a zero-page address to be used by theIn this case indirectORA, SEC, and STA, two different modes of indirect addressing areThe second byte of theThe two bytes at thisNumerals Allocate labels and strings Variables. Program size: 579 bytes. Pressing RETURN will thenSection 15.4.1. Variables. Program size: 1049 bytes Extra storage: 205 bytes Machine code: 41 bytes. Total size: 1295 bytes In this version of the game the human player and the computerCow. The human player specifies the computer's score as twoFor example, if the code string. The following program plays Bulls and Cows, and it uses aProgram size: 1982 bytes.http://rcot.org/userfiles/cisco-fabric-interconnect-manual-failover.xml

Additional storage: 152 bytes. Machine-code: 223 bytes. Total storage: 2357 bytes. Are there any I have missed out.Does anyone know of scanned versions of: - Atom Business - Getting Acquainted with you ACORN ATOM Dave Anyone have a copy of this? Anyone have a copy of this. No, never heard of it but if you buy this Atom, you'll also get the book.. 0930725208 Greetings Kees I have no time to do them sorry. I've hopefully found a copy of Getting Acquainted on Amibay, and we already have all the programs from Atom Business. Dave I've hopefully found a copy of Getting Acquainted on Amibay, and we already have all the programs from Atom Business. Dave I'm sure the book will come through for you, we have an excellent track record for sales. TC Your Computer: 46 articles. Video Games Magazine: 21 articles. Getting Accuainted with your Acorn Atom: ?? programs. Scan:Atomic Machine Code. Acorn Atom - Practical use, BASIC, assembly, programs (Dutch). Programs for the Acorn Atom (Dutch). I have the last 2 Dutch books and see if I can scan them. Greetings Kees Do we have any data points on this? Dave Do we have any data points on this. Dave Maybe Arcadian or Samwise are more familiar with copyrights.So far I just have: - Practical Programs for the BBC Computer and Acorn Atom - Getting Acquainted with your Acorn Atom (on it's way from Amibay) Dave There where some listing errors to correct and missing lines to be added Can you upload them to GitHub, I can't create a new directory online??? Greetings Kees The only difference is that the file is plain text, rather than with the binary encoded line numbers. I do this because Git works best with plain text source files, rather than binary files, because it can then show changes between versions as diffs. Sound reasonable? Do you want me to post a V4 Beta2 when I have done this? Dave The only difference is that the file is plain text, rather than with the binary encoded line numbers. Sound reasonable?

Do you want me to post a V4 Beta2 when I have done this. Dave Sounds ok for a new post. Greetings Kees BTW, did you also notice PONTOON has two line 9530s Dave Do we have any data points on this. Dave Maybe Arcadian or Samwise are more familiar with copyrights.That said, we usually work on the principle round here that if it's out of print, it's fair game.Plain orange cover, 180 pages, a4 sheets folded in half. Definitely a new one on me. Dave Have you tried any of them? Have you tried any of them. I've tried every one that is in the archive (167 at the moment). There are mostly pretty rubbish IMO That's partly why they are in a separate section from the commercial games. That said, it's a bit like collecting, and while there are still things out there to collect, there's a reason keep going. Dave Plain orange cover, 180 pages, a4 sheets folded in half. Looks to me like Acorn Atom.This is Your Life! By E. Andrews Splitting the Atom - A manual for Informed Users - Author(s): J. R. Stevenson and J. C. Rockett - ISBN: NONE - Publisher: Procyon - HTML Version - PDF Scan Part 1 and PDF Scan Part 2. Stevenson? Rockett? Hmmmm. sounds like a pseudonym to me. Plain orange cover, 180 pages, a4 sheets folded in half. Hi Iain, looks like 'Getting Acquainted with your Atom' to me. Getting Acquainted With Your ACORN ATOM - Author(s): Trevor Sharples and Tim Hartnell - ISBN: 0907563031 - Publisher: Interface Greetings Kees. If you bought the ATOM ready built, together with a power supply and a Otherwise you ATOM kit, and for details of the required accessories.The ATOM will not affect the normal Connect the UHF output from the ATOM Switch on the TV set, and turn the The ATOM makes use af a TV channel that is If the TV has a It indicates that the The ATOM understands the following special words and symbols.

CommandsThese words and symbols will be explained over the course of the next Note that the quotation marks are obtained Now type RETURN To perform calculations you just need to type PRINT followed by the For example, try. When you type RETURN the answer will be printed out. You can try For example, try typinq:Now that you are in control of your ATOM you may like a quick Note the difference between the '0' of DO, which is the letter '0', You will have to type the ESC (escape) key, You will need to use the SHIFT key to get some of the special symbols. This program is longer than one line of the screen, but just keep Then press RETURN to run If you feel like trying a An assembler listing will be printed out, and the machine code will be To execute the program, type:It is playing the random To stop the These 'programs' all fitted onto two lines of the display; to see what The ATOM keyboard is designed to the standard layout generally For a start there are several keys not found on The purpose of Try typing in the letters 'ABC' and observe that they appear, as you From now on, in the examples, the cursor will not be drawn in for For example, each digit key (except 0) Inverted A-Z correspond to lower case letters, and will be represented SHIFT key is held down. Pressing LOCK again will revert to theThe DELETE key will erase Mistakes can thus be deleted and retyped with little effort.The cursor will move to the start of If the 'repeat' key, marked REPT, is held down with another key, that REPT is useful in conjunction with DELETE to Note that pressing REPT on its There are several special functions available from the keyboard which CTRL - held down. Only the following two control functions will be CTRL-G gives a bleep in the ATOM's loudspeaker. CTRL-L clears the screen.

It should not normally be necessary to Note that the contents of memory are When the cursor reaches the bottom of the screen further lines typed Any type of The same method would be After the line For example, enter the Each line number can For example, now type the For example:A listing can be stopped by typing ESC (escape).One powerful feature of the ATOM's text and program storage is that For example, to change line 20 in Some other useful commands are described here. NEW will clear the stored text so that a new piece of text can be OLD can be typed after typing BREAK to retrieve the text previously inBy now you the ATOM will probably have made a 'bleep' followed by the There are two possible reasons for For example, typing 'ABC' followed by a RETURN will give the error ATOM, whatever you type at the keyboard. The worst you can do is to Most errors Having entered some stored text into the ATOM's memory, this section Connect the The tape load Before loading and saving files using the cassette interface it is To stop the This program has recorded a sequence of Xs, If you play it back it should sound like a The dollar symbol is obtained by holding the SHIFT key down and typing When you are satisfied that all is well,The information is stored as a stream of audible tones on tape; each Several different Type RETURN,Put the tape recorder to record, and Now type RETURN (or any After a short delay the Rewind the tape and The ATOM will reply with: The ATOM will reply with:If you save a long file on tape, and play it back, you will discover This is done for greater reliability, and Rewind the tape, press RETURN, and the If an error is found when loading back a tape file, the message:The ATOM computer understands a language called BASIC which, because All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. This chapter introduces some of The ATOM will print: PRINT followed by the expression you want to evaluate.

BASIC only deals in whole numbers, or integers, so the remainder after The remainder can be obtained by typing:Round brackets can be used to. I make sure that operations are performed in the correct order; anythingThus the above expressionTry typing. ATOM BASIC can calculate with numbers between about 2000 million You can print the results of several calculations in one PRINT This ensures that when large numbers of PRINT can also be used to print out words, or indeed, any required For example:Thus you could type:This would print out:You will probably be familiar with the use of letters, such as X and Now that we can use variables to stand for numbers, they can also For example, to print the first four powers ofSuppose you wanted to calculate half of 777. You might type:Then, to get the remainder, you Suppose, however, you decided to try:Then this is multiplied by 777 to give 0!The division operation is the only one that can cause a loss of By doing divisions last An alternative way to find half of 777 is to imagine the decimal point The result will then be 3885, or, with the decimal point moved back toResults could be Numbers are normally printed out right-justified in a field of 8 A single quote in a PRINT statement will cause a return to the start ATOM BASIC allows any number of statemerits to be strung together on For example the Numbers can also be represented in a notation called 'hexadecimal' Hexadecimal notation is explained in section 13.1.1; all that needs to The PRINT statement prints the number out in decimal. 08000 is the In addition to the arithmetic operations already described, ATOM BASIC These are all operations between two These are especially useful when controlling external devices from a. BASIC program. Note that the '\' symbol is obtained on the keyboard by Many BASICs have PEEK and POKE functions which do the following. PEEK looks at the contents of a place in memory, or memory location. POKE changes the contents of a memory location. The '?

' operator, called 'query', is used for poking and peeking in. ATOM BASIC and it provides a more elegant mechanism than the two For example, to change the contents of the memory location To turn the cursor back on again type:The first step in writing a program, whether it will eventually be The recipe corresponds to the The generally accepted standard is A simple flowchart Many recipes do not just contain a sequence of steps to be performed, It would then be necessary to open the oven door every five minutes Decisions are The new flowchart Of course the program would go Part of the trick in flowcharting Recipes sometimes require a particular series of operations to be The following recipe for puff A cook would probably keep a mental note of how many times he has A recipe may include a reference to another recipe. For example, a The main recipe, for apple tart, is the In BASIC or assembler programs Before writing a program in BASIC or Assembler it is a good idea to Commands and statements typed after the ATOM's prompt are executed ATOM's memory.Then try typing in the LIST. Now type:END statement is used to stop execution of the program; if it is The variable specified in the INPUT To illustrate, type:The following program The REM statement means 'remark?; everything on the line following the. REM statement will be ignored when the program is being executed, so For example:Functions are operations that return a value. Functions are likeBASIC. To obtain smaller random numbers the '%' remainder operator can BASIC program.This will be 48202 if you have not For example:It is possible to create programs which will never stop; see the However it is sometimes necessary to The GOTO (go to) statement is used for this ATOM BASIC offers another option for the GOTO statement.

Instead of Note that there must be no spaces between the line number and the First, programs are clearer, and do not Secondly, the GOTO This program works as follows: P is the location corresponding to the The frequency The GOTO statement is now slightly slower, and the tone generated will The highest frequency that can be To play tunes you will need to use an assembler program; see Section The GOTO statement may be followed by any expression which evaluates Finally here is an example of a multi-way switch using GOTO. The Each of these lines consists of a PRINT The single quote in the Description of Program:The ATOM has no less than 9 different graphics modes available from. BASIC. This section provides a brief introduction to graphics mode 0, With more memory added to the ATOM the other graphics modes are A special feature of Points on the screen are Each pixel on the screen is specified by itsThe graphics On the unexpanded ATGN the only The graphics cursor The format of the statement For example, to move the graphics cursor to It is quite legal, and safe, to The following simple program will draw a rectangle, rotated by the One way of plotting a single point at X,Y on the screen is to write:One of the most useful facilities in BASIC is the ability to execute a To do this the. IF.THEN statement is used; for example:The part of the IF.THEN statement after the IF is the 'condition' Six different relational operators There is no The statement after THEN can be any statement, even an assignment Conditions can be strung together using the conjunctions AND and OR, An alternative form for the condition in an IF.THEN statement is to Logical variables can be used in place A logical variable can also be set to the value of a condition. This statement will set A to 'true' if L is 100, and to 'false?

One way of printing the powers of 2 would be to write:This is a bit inelegant; suppose we wished For example we can print,256 exclamation marks simply by running the Perhaps a more useful example is the following program, which The previous section showed how the IF statement could be used to Recall the The FOR statement, together with the NEXT statement, causes a set of FOR.NEXT loop as follows:NEXT statement should be executed for each value of I from 1 to 256 This statement has been indented in the program to make the loop This variable, I in the aboveRemember, though, that the loop is It is also possible to specify a STEP size in the FOR statement; the. STEP size will be added to the control variable each time round the If the STEP size is omitted it is assumed to be 1. This provides us The FOR.NEXT loop is extremely useful when plotting graphs using the. ATOM's graphics facilities. Try rewriting the Cubic Curve program of. Section 4.10.1 using a FOR.NEXT loop.It simulates the curves produced by The program works ATOM BASIC provides an alternative pair of loop-control statements: DO So, to print 256 To illustrate, the following program prompts for a series of numbers, When a zero is entered the program terminates The following simple program uses a DO.UNTIL loop in the calculation For example, the. GCD of 26 and 65 is 13. If the numbers are coprime the GCD will be l.Variables. A,B - Numbers. T - Temporary variable. Program size: 137 bytes. The method is known as Euclid?s algorithm, and to see it working The DO.UNTIL loop construction is especially useful for problemsThe following iterative program calculates the square root of anyAlso shown is the output obtainedVariables. Q - Square root. S - Number. Program size: 118 bytes Sample run:FOR.NEXT and DO.UNTIL loops may be nested; the following example For each value of N the statements on line 40 Note that loops must be nested correctly.

The following attempt at The reason for ATOM BASIC includes an accurate timing facility, derived from the main. CPU clock. To understand the operation of the WAIT statement, imagine WAIT statement causes execution to stop until the next clock tick. Thus it automatically synchronises the program to an accurate time.For example, the following program gives a The reason is In fact, with the WAIT function, all you The following digital clock displays the time as six digits in the top Variables. H - Hours. M - Minutes. S - Seconds. T - Six-digit number representing time. Program size: 216 bytes. To turn the cursor back on after running this program type a The following reaction-timer program uses WAIT to calculate your It blanks the Variables. N - Counter for random delay. T - counter in sixtieths of a second for reaction time. X,Y - random coordinates for point on screen. Program size: 273 bytesAs soon as a program becomes longer than a few lines it is probably In the main program a The subroutine is It is just as if the The subroutine is called The program, when. RUN, will print:As a more serious example, consider a program for balancing a Indeed, the main part of the chequebook-balancing program can be As a rough guide, if a program is too long to fit onto the screen of Each subroutine The GOSUB statement is just like the GOTO statement that has already Labels are of the The following program uses linear interpolation to find the roots of The larger root of this equation is phi, the golden ratio. A scaling A - Lower starting value of X. B - Upper starting value of X. I - Iteration number. S - Scaling factor; all numbers are multiplied by S and held asX - Root being approximated. Y - Value of equation for given,X.

Program size - 466 bytes Sample run:Often the task carried out by a subroutine may itself usefully be This is perfectly legal, and subroutines may be nested up to a maximum Sometimes a problem can be more simply expressed if it is allowed to When a subroutine includes a call to The following half-hearted In the Tower of Hanoi problem three pegs are fastened to a stand, and The problem is to shift the pile to another peg by transferringThe number of moves required rises rapidly with To move F discs from peg A to peg B:Also, when F is zero there is no need to do anything. Steps 1 and 3 of Description of Program: Variables: A?N - Number of discs on pile N. D - Stack pointerD?1 - Destination Pile. D?2 - Intermediate pile. D?3 - Source pile. F - Total number of discs. N - One third of screen width. V - Constant. W - Constant. Program size: 461 bytesA classical mathematical problem consists of placing eight queens on a The following program The program uses many Description of Program:D is vector of attacks, ?D is rowVariables:C - Solutions counterProgram size: 440 bytes. Vectors:Total storage: 470 bytes.So far we have met just 26 variables, called A to Z. Suppose you A mathematician might call the This representation of the twelve Each array consists of an array On most computers there is no facility for Each member The total number of possible Word vectors use the The array in ATOM BASIC consists of a pair of identical letters DIM, or 'dimension', statement which tells BASIC how large the arrayIf this were the firstIf now another array were AA(3) become 776 we would execute. Then we could execute:In these two cases the simple variables, A to Z, must be used.The following program illustrates the use of arrays to plot a Program size: 415 bytes. Array storage: 52 bytesThe following program illustrates the use of arrays to sort a series It uses a fairly efficient sorting The program, as written, reads in Description of Program:Variables. AA(1.20) - Array to hold numbers.

I,J - Loop counters. N - Number of elements in array AA. M - Subset step size. Program size: 332 bytes. Array storage: 84 bytesThe following program allows powers of two to be calculated to any As it stands the program will The digits Every power of Variables. AA - Array of digits; one digit per element. C - Decimal carry from one digit to next. J - Digit counter. K - Digit counter. P - Power being evaluated. Program size: 356 bytes. Array usage: 124 bytes. Total memory: 480 bytes.The following program uses a 256-element array to store a waveform Many BASIC interpreters perform extensive checking whenever an array For example, if an array were BASIC only the first check is performed, so that only positive It is left to the programmer to ensure that Assigning to an array whose The standard types of array in ATOM BASIC are one-dimensional. In Such two-dimensional arrays are called 'matrices'. Consider the To represent a two-dimensional matrix using a one-dimensional array Consider the Any array element, with subscripts A and B, can be referenced as. In the earlier example the array had dimensions 3 x 6 and so would be The following program will solve a number of linear simultaneous The program Description of Program:Variables. S - Signature of permutation. Program Size: 932 bytes. Sample run:It is sometimes wasteful of memory to allocate space for numbers over These are referred to as 'byte Byte vectors For example, to assign space for a Elements of this vector would then correspond to locations on theStrings are simply byte vectorsNote that the subscript of a byte array can be A second representation for word arrays is provided in ATOM BASIC Word vectors are similar Each element consists of the Space can be dimensioned for word vectors by using the DIM statement, The following program finds all the prime numbers up to 99999. It uses Variables:J - Equal to TOPS - Bytes per word. T - Candidate for prime. Z - Constant zero. Program size: 155 bytes. Vector: as required.

A major advantage of word vectors over the word arrays is that their The following program illustrates the use of word vectors to calculate The program stores four Variables. D!0. - Workspace vector. H - Radix for arithmetic. P!1. - Vector for unpacked resultS!0. - Workspace vector. T - Top of available memory. Program size: 733 bytes. Additional storage: as available. Sample run: A second way of representing two-dimensional arrays is possible using For example, for a matrix called X with A word array is used to hold the base addresses. Q is a variable used Now that the vector of row base A 'string' is a sequence of characters; the characters can be anything They can even be control Strings are represented in a program by enclosinq the charactersFor example. To represent a quotation mark in a quoted string the quotation mark is The variables A to Z have already been met, where they are used to BASIC allows strings of any size up to 255 characters. To use string For example, for a string of up to 10 Having allocated space for the string it can then be assigned a value. For example. It specifies that the value A. In other words, A is a pointer to that area of memory. After the The DIM statement A string variable can be printed by writing. This would print:Suppose that a second string is dimensioned as follows:The result of It is possible to test whether two strings are equal with the IF The INPUT statement may specify a string variable, in which case the The maximum length of line that can Several functions are provided to help with the mainpulation of The LEN function will return the number of characters in the string For example:The following sections show how the characters within strings can beIndividual Characters in a string can be accessed with the BASIC's random number generator.

To decode the text the negative of YUVHW ZY WKQN IAVUAG Qm SHXTSDKConcatenation is the operation of joining two strings together to make For example:The right-hand part of a string A, starting at character N, is simply. For example, executing:A string A can be shortened to the first N characters by executing:The middle section of a string can be extracted by combining the For example, the string For example:, if the following is executed:The arrays AA to ZZ may be used as string variables, thus providing To allocate space for an array The following program calculates the day of the week for any date in Variables. B - Temporary variable to hold base address of each string. D - Date in month. E - Expression which, modulo 7, gives day of week. M - Month. N - Counter. Y - Year in 20th. century. Program size: 458 bytes. Array storage: 105 bytes.The most economical way to use the memory available is to allocate For example the VV(1) to VV(10):Finally, when 10 strings Some BASICs have statements READ and DATA whereby strings listed in The strings for the numbers They are identified by a Variables. J - Counter. L - Label for text. Q - Pointer to strings. R - Temporary pointer. Program size: 511 bytes. String storage: 41 bytes. Total memory: 552 bytes. The program can be moaified to read from several different blocks of Numeric data can be specified as strings of characters as in in the. Read Text program of the previous section, and converted to numbers For example, modify the.